Shin bruising & splints
Low-ModerateCause
Kicking the heavy bag before bone density has adapted; checking kicks improperly.
Prevention
Progressive shin conditioning — start light, build density over months not weeks. Always check kicks with the bone, never the flat of the shin. Shin guards for all sparring and most bag work in early training.
Recovery
Ice for 20 min after sessions, rest until pain-free on palpation, avoid re-bruising the same spot.
Knee meniscus & ligament strain
Moderate-HighCause
Pivoting with a planted foot during round kicks; rotational forces on a loaded knee.
Prevention
Pivot on the ball of the foot, never with the heel down. Strengthen quads, hamstrings, and glutes to support the knee. Warm up thoroughly — no cold pivoting.
Recovery
Rest, compression, elevation. See a physiotherapist if swelling persists or if you feel instability on direction changes.
Elbow joint inflammation
ModerateCause
High-volume elbow striking on bags; repeated hyperextension.
Prevention
Rotate elbow drilling days to 2-3x per week. Never lock out on a strike. Eccentric bicep and forearm strengthening in off-days.
Recovery
Compression sleeve, reduced elbow volume for 2 weeks, targeted mobility work.
Concussions (head trauma)
HighCause
Hard sparring, particularly rapid head movement from elbows, knees, and hooks.
Prevention
Light-touch sparring is the rule, not the exception. Never spar with incomplete recovery from a previous impact. Headgear for amateurs and early sparring phases.
Recovery
48+ hours of full rest after any head impact. See a doctor for any loss of consciousness, prolonged confusion, or symptoms that last more than 24 hours. Second-impact syndrome is fatal — do not rush back.
Rotator cuff strain
ModerateCause
Poor punching mechanics; excessive heavy bag work without conditioning work.
Prevention
Strict punching mechanics — power from the hips, not the shoulder. Include band work, face pulls, and external rotation exercises 2x per week.
Recovery
Reduce punching volume, switch to technique focus, targeted physiotherapy if pain persists beyond 2 weeks.
Wrist sprains
Low-ModerateCause
Poor fist formation; hitting the bag with loose wraps.
Prevention
Learn to wrap properly — if you cannot make a tight fist with your wraps on, you are doing it wrong. Align the knuckles straight with the forearm on impact. Start light.
Recovery
Ice, rest from punching, wrist mobility work, gradual return.